The application of Chlorocholine chloride to stimulate the secondary metabolites in the calli cultures of Gardenia jasminoides (Variegata and Ellis)

Biotechnology means maximizing the benefit of the living cell to improve human life. One of the
most successful applications of biotechnology is using plant biotechnology to produce valuable
compounds in plants. Gardenia jasminoides is one of the Rubiaceae family's most important ornamental
and medicinal plants. It is rich in various active compounds which qualifies it to possess a variety of
biological activities. This research aims to apply Chlorocholine chloride (CCC) to the calli cultures of
Gardenia jasminoides (Variegata and Ellis) to stimulate various secondary metabolites, and to study its
impact on the growth of Gardenia jasminoides (Variegata and Ellis). Various concentrations (0, 100, 200,
and 300 mg/ l) of CCC were added to the control medium. Samples were collected after 10, 20, and 30
days of treatment. Fresh weight was recorded and samples were dried using a freeze dryer and samples
were kept at - 20°C for the determination of phenolic compounds via High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC). It was noted that the fresh weight gradually declined as the CCC concentration
increased in both sub-species of G. jasminoides (Variegata and Ellis), even though the fresh weight
showed an increase over time for both sub-species.
The control treatment, when supplemented with 200 mg/l CCC, shows the most promise because,
after 10 days, the Calli cultures of G. jasminoides Variegata have been shown to produce various active
compounds in appropriate amounts, including 702.24 ± 2.1 µg/GDW ferulic acid, 303.38± 1.3 µg/GDW
chlorogenic acid, 158.16± 1.6 µg/GDW cinnamic acid, and 17.06± 0.2 µg/GDW caffeic acid. The Calli
cultures of G. jasminoides Ellis accumulate the P-coumaric acid with its maximum levels (222.17±1.2
µg/GDW) after 20 days of treatment with the addition of 100 mg/l CCC.